9Surgery
In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to treat chronic venous insufficiency. Common options include:
– Surgical repair: All affected valves in the veins will be repaired through surgical procedures. There are many options, but valvuloplasty is the most common one. It tightens and then stitches the valves.
– Ligation: Also called vein stripping, this procedure fastens or removes the affected veins to prevent blood from flowing through them.
– Vein bypass: This procedure replaces affected veins with healthy ones from another area of the body. As a result, blood can be rerouted to the new veins.
– Subfascial endoscopy perforator surgery: When the perforator veins are damaged, this is the suitable option for treating venous insufficiency. It involves making small incisions in the calf and using surgical clips to block the perforator veins. [9]












